Грамматика английского › Modal Verbs "have to/must/should"
Mustn't, don't have to и shouldn't
450 упражнений с пропусками, 45 тестов по десять
Mustn't запрещает. Don't have to говорит, что нужды нет. Это не одно и то же.
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Разница, сказанная прямо
- mustn’t = на это есть запрет. You mustn’t park on the crossing.
- don’t have to = правила нет ни за, ни против. You don’t have to wear a tie.
Быстрая проверка: если можно добавить if you like, предложению нужно don’t have to.
shouldn’t посередине
Shouldn’t — совет против, а не запрет:
You shouldn’t drive when you’re this tired.
Никто не запрещает; вам говорят, что это плохая мысль.
Прошедшее
У mustn’t прошедшего нет. Для того, что было запрещено, английский берёт wasn’t allowed to или couldn’t:
We weren’t allowed to leave the building.
Didn’t have to — прошедшее от don’t have to:
We didn’t have to pay — it was included.
needn’t
Needn’t значит то же, что don’t have to, и чаще встречается в британском английском:
You needn’t wait.
Обратите внимание на разницу в прошедшем: needn’t have done значит, что вы это сделали и зря, а didn’t need to do обычно значит, что вы этого не делали вовсе.
Все формы
| Форма | Значение | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| mustn't | запрещено | You mustn't smoke in here. |
| don't have to | не обязательно | You don't have to come. |
| doesn't have to | не обязательно | She doesn't have to come. |
| shouldn't | неразумно | You shouldn't eat so late. |
| didn't have to | не было обязательно | We didn't have to pay. |
Примеры
Взяты из 450 предложений этого упражнения. Ответ выделен.
- You don't have to wear a jacket. It's hot outside.
- I shouldn't forget to buy milk, it's an important item on the shopping list.
- We mustn't eat this cake, it's for a special occasion.
- He doesn't have to submit his work by tomorrow, there's no deadline.
- I don't have to call my mom later, it's not urgent.
- The doctor said Susan shouldn't eat sugary foods because of her condition.
- He mustn't talk during the movie or he will disturb others.
- He doesn't have to check his email constantly, once a day is enough.
- You don't have to watch that movie. It's not worth your time.
- You shouldn't forget to water the plants when you go on vacation.
- Children mustn't play near the lock gates; the sign forbids it.
- She doesn't have to tell you if she doesn't want to.
Ошибки, которых стоит избегать
Неверно: You mustn't bring food, but you can if you want. верно: You don't have to bring food, but you can if you want.
Mustn't запрещает, а это противоречит остатку предложения.
Неверно: She doesn't must work on Sundays. верно: She doesn't have to work on Sundays.
Must не берёт do никогда. Отрицание исчезнувшей обязанности — don't have to.