Грамматика английского › Reported Speech
Косвенная речь: сдвиг времени
450 упражнений с пропусками, 45 тестов по десять
После глагола передачи в прошедшем времени каждое время шагает на шаг назад.
Потренируйтесь на этой форме
Загрузка…
Сейчас будет первый вопрос.
Один шаг назад, всякий раз
Вся система — одно движение. Каждое время уходит на шаг назад, а те, что уже стоят на самой дальней точке английского, остаются на месте.
“I live in Oslo.” → She said she lived in Oslo. “I lived in Oslo.” → She said she had lived in Oslo. “I had lived in Oslo.” → She said she had lived in Oslo. — дальше идти некуда.
Модальные глаголы
Четыре сдвигаются, четыре нет:
- сдвигаются: will → would, can → could, may → might, must → had to
- не сдвигаются: would, could, should, might, ought to
Вторая группа шаг уже сделала — потому они изначально и выглядят как прошедшие формы.
Местоимения и притяжательные
Меняйте их под то, кто говорит теперь и о ком речь:
"I left my bag in your car." → He said he had left his bag in my car.
Прочтите готовое предложение и проверьте, что каждое местоимение указывает на нужного человека. Именно здесь косвенная речь разваливается чаще всего.
Время и место
Если вы пересказываете позже или в другом месте, слова тоже переезжают:
“I’ll see you here tomorrow.” → She said she would see me there the next day.
Если пересказ идёт в тот же день и там же, их можно оставить. He said he would call tomorrow в порядке, если завтра всё ещё завтра.
Когда время можно не трогать
- глагол передачи в настоящем: She says she is busy.
- факт не перестал быть верным: He said the train leaves at six.
Сдвинуть всё равно не ошибка, так что при сомнении сдвигайте.
say, tell и остальные
Say человека не берёт; tell его требует. Кроме этих двух, глагол передачи может нести собственный смысл:
He admitted that… She explained that… They promised to… He refused to…
Верно выбранный глагол скажет больше в меньшем числе слов, чем когда-либо скажет said.
Все формы
| Прямая | Косвенная | Примечание |
|---|---|---|
| present simple | past simple | work → worked |
| present continuous | past continuous | am working → was working |
| past simple | past perfect | worked → had worked |
| present perfect | past perfect | have worked → had worked |
| past perfect | без перемен | had worked → had worked |
| will | would | will call → would call |
| can | could | can swim → could swim |
| may | might | may come → might come |
| must | had to | must go → had to go |
| would, could, should, might | без перемен | шаг уже сделан |
Примеры
Взяты из 450 предложений этого упражнения. Ответ выделен.
- I am the youngest. She said that she was the youngest at the time.
- He said, "I have seen that movie before." => He said that he had seen that movie by then.
- I must apologize to her. He said that he had to apologize to her that day.
- We are free. They said that they were free at the time.
- They asked, "Can you lend me your car?" => They asked if I could lend them my car at the time.
- He said, "I will come to the party." => He said that he would come to the party that day.
- I may need some help. He said that he might need some help that day.
- Mark is going to the party tonight. She said that Mark was going to the party that night.
- I cannot find the file. He said that he could not find the file at the time.
- I saw John yesterday. She said that she had seen John the day before.
- She sings very well. He said that she sang very well at the time.
- I love chocolate. He told me that he loved chocolate at the time.
Ошибки, которых стоит избегать
Неверно: He said that he will come. верно: He said that he would come.
Will превращается в would после глагола передачи в прошедшем.
Неверно: I bake bread. He said that he bake bread. верно: He said that he baked bread.
Настоящее шагает назад в прошедшее.
Неверно: She said she saw him yesterday. верно: She said she had seen him the day before.
Прошедшее шагает назад в past perfect, а yesterday превращается в the day before.